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Heuer analysis of competing hypotheses · Turing–Good weight of evidence

Why did a Las Vegas dispensary license change control?

ln P(Hᵢ|E)/P(Hⱼ|E) = ln P(Hᵢ)/P(Hⱼ) + Σk ln P(Ek|Hᵢ)/P(Ek|Hⱼ)

A hypothetical Clark County retail license files for a change of ownership 45 days after its senior lender's forbearance agreement lapses. What explains the transaction? This is a hypothetical teaching case; the likelihoods are editorial judgments, published so readers can argue with them.

Leading hypothesisLoan-to-ownposterior 61%
Falsified (≤ −20 dB)1Tax/regulatory arbitrage
Evidence observed4/6toggle below
Weight for leader+8.0 dBvs. pooled alternatives
EvidenceStateH0 · Organic expansionH1 · Tax/regulatory arbitrageH2 · Loan-to-ownH3 · Stealth roll-upDiagnostic
E1 A single senior lender holds a blanket UCC-1 lien on all licensed assetsNevada Secretary of State UCC search
I −6.2 dBN −1.9 dBN +4.6 dBN +1.9 dB7.9 dB
E2 The change-of-ownership filing follows the forbearance lapse by under 60 daysCCB agenda and transfer-of-interest filings
I −11.0 dBN −3.3 dBN +4.8 dBN +3.8 dB12.3 dB
E3 The buyer's affiliates already hold two or more Nevada licensesSecretary of State entity graph; CCB licensee list
····5.6 dB
E4 The seller reported positive same-store sales in the prior two quartersSeller press release (exterior view)
N +0.7 dBN +0.0 dBN −0.5 dBN −0.5 dBNon-diagnostic
E5 Buyer-affiliated entities sell hemp-derived THC-A outside the regulated channelBusiness license and retail survey
N +1.4 dBI −9.4 dBN +1.0 dBN +0.3 dB9.5 dB
E6 A state tax lien shows the seller's wholesale excise arrears exceed one quarter's liabilityNevada Department of Taxation lien records
····9.7 dB

C = consistent (≥ +5 dB), I = inconsistent (≤ −5 dB), N = neutral, against the prior-weighted pool of the other hypotheses. Heuer's rule: rank hypotheses by their inconsistencies, not by their confirmations.

Posterior probability

H0 Organic expansion1.4%
H1 Tax/regulatory arbitrage0.4%
H2 Loan-to-own61.5%
H3 Stealth roll-up36.7%

Deciban readout vs. leader

  • H0 · Organic expansion−16.4 dBDisfavored
  • H1 · Tax/regulatory arbitrage−21.5 dBFalsified
  • H2 · Loan-to-ownleaderLeading
  • H3 · Stealth roll-up−2.2 dBViable

Disfavored at -10 dB (10:1), falsified at -20 dB (100:1) against the leading hypothesis.

Quant viewInspect the math & raw telemetry

Each evidence item carries P(E | H) for every hypothesis. A present item contributes ln P(E|H), an absent one ln(1 − P(E|H)), and an unknown one nothing. Contributions add, which is Turing and Good's sequential accumulation. One deciban = 10·log₁₀ of a likelihood ratio, the smallest change in belief Turing thought a person could perceive.

P(E | H)H0H1H2H3
Prior0.400.150.200.25
E10.150.300.920.60
E20.050.200.850.70
E30.350.300.250.90
E40.600.550.500.50
E50.100.900.100.20
E60.080.300.750.60
Posterior0.01410.00430.61470.3668
Inconsistency Σ⁻-17.2-14.6-0.5-0.5